Monday, December 30, 2019

Student Portfolio Item Examples

Student portfolios or assessment portfolios are collections of student work meant to define individual progress and inform future teaching. These can either be in physical or digital form—ePortfolios are increasingly popular. Because student portfolios and are designed to be comprehensive representations of a students abilities, they can be used to design accommodations and modifications. Creating productive student portfolios starts with choosing the right items to include. To decide what work to pull for a portfolio, remember that portfolios should accomplish the following: show student growth and change over time, increase student self-assessment skills, identify specific strengths and weaknesses, and track the development of at least one product of performance (work samples, tests, papers, etc.). Items to Include The pieces of a great student portfolio vary by grade and subject, but the bottom line is that they should paint a detailed and accurate picture of a students skills and abilities. Choose some of these items if youre not sure where to start. A letter to the reader outlining each portfolio itemA list of term definitions that will be helpful to readersA collection of individual goals for the year, selected and updated by students monthly, quarterly, etc.Graphics—charts, concept diagrams, timelines, photographs, etc.—showing important data such as test scoresBook excerpts or quotations chosen by the studentA chart tracking every free-choice book a student has read that yearReading logsPhotographs of students workingAnecdotal notes from one-on-one or small group time with students (e.g. guided reading notes)Video recordings of readings or performances (for ePortfolios)A sample paragraph of writing featuring a few key writing techniquesSample essays of various types—descriptive, narrative, explanatory, expository, persuasive, cause and effect, ​and compare and contrast are all good optionsTechnical writing such as a process analysis essay featuring student-drawn diagramsCreative writing samples, in cluding stories, poems, songs, and scriptsA collection of graded math quizzes showing performance trendsStudent work from other classes such as Art, Music, or academic subjects not taught by you How to Get the Most Out of Portfolios Once youve decided what student work will most precisely show student development, you can get started assembling portfolios. To ensure that both you and your students benefit as much as possible from this process, involve them in the assembly and ask them to reflect on the finished product. Portfolios offer the unique opportunity to view overall growth through a few choice items—use it. Assembly Have your students help you create their own portfolios. This will instill a sense of ownership in them and cut back on your own assembly time so that more effort can be put into designing future instruction using portfolio material. Ask students to select pieces of their work over the course of a month, semester, or year—they should have ample time to build their portfolios. Give them well-defined guidelines. Tell them what type of learning you want to see and provide examples and non-example items. If you want more representations from language arts than science, explain this. If you want more examples of independent work than group work, explain this. As they are choosing their items, students should write brief descriptions/reflections for each that tells why they chose it. Check in with them as they are constructing their portfolios to make sure that they understand and are providing sufficient evidence of learning. Reflection Assessment portfolios should serve as authentic assessments or evaluations of student work over a given time period. Unlike other forms of assessment such as a timed test, students need to reflect on their portfolios at length to identify areas for improvement and areas of growth. Rather than assuming students will or will not know how to review a portfolio, be explicit about how to do this. You may need to teach the skill of self-reflection through instruction, modeling, and feedback just as you would teach anything else. When portfolios are complete, meet with students individually to discuss the learning material before you. Show students how they are meeting various learning goals you have set for them and help them to set goals for themselves. Your students will be able to demonstrate their critical thinking skills and share their experiences with you during this invaluable experience.

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Poor Leadership And Internal Conflicts Essay - 1270 Words

Poverty is high in Africa. Africa is one of the poorest countries in the world. There are many reasons why, but the two talked about throughout this paper is poor leadership and internal conflicts. Poor leadership is a reason for poverty in Africa because many leaders in Africa do not want to help the common man, they want to help themselves and their families. Most of the leaders do not know much about politics, they just decided to go into it so they could receive â€Å"easier† money. The leaders are not helping the people of their country, some do not care what happens to them either. Internal conflicts cause poverty because the wars that start put workers out of business, and those workers cannot get work anywhere else so they are soon in poverty. Poverty can also cause conflicts within country. If people are upset with the government and tired of how they have been treated, they will go and cause problems for the government. When the government stop corruption an d lets the people know they are spending taxpayer’s money on resourceful things, there might be less conflict and poverty in Africa. Introduction Africa has an abundance of natural resources, diversity and cultural heritage. Africa is the second largest continent due to its population and size. It is also one of the poorest continents in the world. (Adjei, n.d.) Poverty means to be extremely poor; to not know where your next meal will come from. According to Chandy (2015), four hundred millionShow MoreRelatedRotters Locus Of Control Scale Test Analysis910 Words   |  4 Pagestest divides control into two categories; internal and external. People with internal control believe that their actions decide outcomes in their lives, while people with external control believe that outcomes are beyond their control, which they can’t influence. 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METRO Cash Carry is an international organization that runs a chainRead MoreAnalysis Of Sunshine Health Care Plans779 Words   |  4 Pagesof Sunshine Health Care Plans (SHCP), identifying an organizational conflict that limits organizational outcomes and is amendable to change. The analysis consisted of the following parts: (a) an overview of the organization and its organizational structure; (b) the determination of the internal, external, structural, and relationship issues, contributing to the organizational conflict; the incorporation of an appropriate conflict models, and the development of a systemic plan of action. The analysisRead MoreWhy Did The North Win The Civil War?1730 Words   |  7 PagesUnion (North). The advantages and disadvantages are abundant on either sides of the argument, but the most dominate arguments on why the South lost the war would be the fact that state’s rights prevented unification of the South, Jefferson Davis poor leadership and his fa ilure to work together with his generals, the South failed to gain the recognition of the European nations, North’s superior resources made the outcome inevitable, and moral of the South towards the end of the war. First, the South couldn’tRead MoreThe Policy Innovation Process Within The Australian Public Services1557 Words   |  7 Pagesinnovation in Australia. As Borins (2012) specified that, leadership is frequently identified as a crucial element of the organisational culture to influence employee’s ethical behaviours. Most of these obstacles needs to be address by to promoting a logical of government approach to innovation. In addition, social behaviours appear on both internal and external pressure in services delivery. For example, leaders with lack of productivity, poor ideas, lack of creativity and risk aversion are alwaysRead MoreHuman Resource Frame Analysis On Human Resources Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesBM. As conflict at GWC escalates, the organization does not appear to have a strategy for resolution. If GWC cannot meet their employees’ basic human needs, self-actualization cannot be expected. According to Bolman and Deal (2013), if organizations fail to meet human needs, then exploitation and deception occurs. An illustration of this is the BM borrowing against the building grant to cover expenses without Dr. Sings’ knowledge. 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The jurisdictional ambiguity, or the crossover between where each person thinks his or her management boundary is, is an ongoing issue. Morgan and Tayor’s arguments over what their exact roles are within the company, as well as on strategies that the company should use to attract clientsRead MoreThe Factors and Objectives The Russo Japanese War1019 Words   |  4 Pagesuntil 5 September, 1905. The majority of the conflict was conducted within the region of Manchuria, however, several naval battles occurred within the Yellow Sea as well as in Tsushima Strait (the sea area between the southeastern Korean Peninsula and the southwestern portion of Japan). 2. The principle parties in this war were the Russian and Japanese Empires. While various aspects of the Chinese Empire played their roles in the lead-up to the conflict they did not, however, side with either of theRead MoreEssay1648 Words   |  7 PagesMuch of the literature, especially that which originates from the USA, emphasizes the importance of integration.There is some merit to this argument. Militaries require cohesion to be effective. Ethnic conflict within the military is antithetical to those ends. Militaries that struggle with internal ethnic tensions, between the soldiers themselves or within the military’s superstructure, with not be cohesive. Evidence suggests that in-cohesive armies are highly ineffective. Yet militaries are agents

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Stefan’s Diaries Origins Chapter 11 Free Essays

The mist rose up around my feet as I walked toward the willow tree. The sun was quickly setting, but I could still make out a shadowy figure nestled between the roots. I glanced again. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was Rosalyn, her party dress shimmering in the weak light. Bile rose in my throat. How could she be here? She was buried, her body six feet underground at the Mystic Falls cemetery. As I walked closer, steeling my courage and grasping the knife in my pocket, I noticed her lifeless eyes reflecting the verdant leaves above. Her dark curls stuck to her clammy forehead. And her neck wasn’t torn out at all. Instead, her neck displayed only two neat little holes, the size of shodding nails. As if guided by an unseen hand, I fell to my knees next to her body. â€Å"I’m sorry,† I whispered, staring at the cracked earth below. Then I raised my eyes and froze in horror. Because it wasn’t Rosalyn’s body at all. It was Katherine’s. A small smile curved her rosebud lips, as if she were simply dreaming. I fought the urge to scream. I would not let Katherine die! But as I reached toward her wounds, she sat straight up. Her visage morphed, her dark curls faded to blond, and her eyes glowed red. I started backward. â€Å"It’s your fault!† The words cut through the still night, the tone hollow and otherworldly. The voice belonged neither to Katherine nor Rosalyn–but to a demon. I screamed, gripping my penknife and slicing it into the night air. The demon lunged forward and clutched my neck. It lowered its sharpened canines to my skin, and everything faded to black†¦. I woke up in a cold sweat, sitting upright. A crow cawed outside; in the distance, I could hear children playing. Sunbeams were dappled along my white bedspread, and a dinner tray was sitting on my desk. It was daylight. I was in my own bed. A dream. I remembered the funeral, the ride from the church, my exhaustion as I climbed the stairs to my bedroom. It had just been a dream, a product of too much emotion and stimulation today. A dream, I reminded myself again, willing my heart to stop pounding. I took a long gulp of water straight from the pitcher on the nightstand. My brain slowly stilled, but my heart continued to race and my hands still felt clammy. Because it wasn’t a dream, or at least not like any dream I’d ever had before. It was as if demons were invading my mind, and I was no longer sure what was real or what thoughts to trust. I stood up, trying to shake off the nightmare, and wandered downstairs. I took the back steps so as not to cross paths with Cordelia in the kitchen. She’d been taking good care of me, just as when I had been a child in mourning for my mother, but something about her watchful gaze made me nervous. I knew she’d heard me call out for Katherine, and I fervently hoped she wasn’t telling tales to the servants. I walked into Father’s study and glanced at his shelves, finding myself drawn yet again to the Shakespeare section. Saturday seemed like a lifetime ago. Still, the candle in the silver candlestick holder was exactly where Katherine and I had left it, and The Mysteries of Mystic Falls was still on the chair. If I closed my eyes, I could almost smell lemon. I shook that thought away and hastily picked out a volume of Macbeth, a play about jealousy and love and betrayal and death, which suited my mood perfectly. I forced myself to sit on the leather club chair and glance at the words, forced myself to turn the pages. Maybe that’s what I needed in order to proceed with the rest of my life. If I just kept forcing myself to take action, maybe I’d finally get over the guilt and sadness and fear I’d been carrying with me since Rosalyn’s death. Just then, I heard a knock on the door. â€Å"Father’s not here,† I called, hoping whoever it was would go away. â€Å"Sir Stefan?† Alfred’s voice called. â€Å"It’s a visitor.† â€Å"No, thank you,† I replied. It was probably Sheriff Forbes again. He’d already come by four or five times, speaking to Damon and Father. So far I’d managed to beg off the visits. I couldn’t stand the thought of telling him–telling anyone –where I’d been at the time of the attack. â€Å"The visitor is quite insistent,† Alfred called. â€Å"So are you,† I muttered under my breath as I strode to the door and opened it. â€Å"She’s in the sitting room,† Alfred said, turning on his heel. â€Å"Wait!† I said. She. Could it be †¦ Katherine? My heart quickened despite itself. â€Å"Sir?† Alfred asked, mid-step. â€Å"I’ll be there.† Frantically, I splashed water from the basin in the corner on my face and used my hands to smooth my hair back from my forehead. My eyes still looked hooded, and tiny vessels had broken, reddening the whites, but there was nothing more I could do to make me look, let alone feel, more like myself. I strode purposefully into the parlor. For an instant, my heart fell with disappointment. Instead of Katherine, sitting on the red velvet wingback chair in the corner was her maid, Emily. She had a chair in the corner was her maid, Emily. She had a basket of flowers on her lap and held a daisy to her nose, as if she didn’t have a care in the world. â€Å"Hello,† I said formally, already trying to come up with a way to politely excuse myself. â€Å"Mr. Salvatore.† Emily stood up and half- curtseyed. She wore a simple white eyelet dress and bonnet, and her dark skin was smooth and unlined. â€Å"My mistress and I join you in your sorrows. She asked that I give you this,† she said, proffering the basket toward me. â€Å"Thank you,† I said, taking the basket. I absentmindedly put a sprig of lilac to my nose and inhaled. â€Å"I’d use these in your healing, rather than Cordelia’s concoctions,† Emily said. â€Å"How did you know about that?† I wondered. â€Å"Servants talk. But I fear that whatever Cordelia’s feeding you may be doing you more harm than good.† She plucked a few blossoms from the basket, twining them into a bouquet. â€Å"Daisies, magnolias, and bleeding heart will help you heal.† â€Å"And pansies for thoughts?† I asked, remembering a quote from Shakespeare’s Hamlet. As soon as I said it, I realized it was a foolish statement. How would an uneducated servant girl possibly know what I was speaking of? But Emily simply smiled. â€Å"No pansies, although my mistress did mention your love of Shakespeare.† She reached into the basket and broke off a sprig of lilac, which she then pushed gently into my buttonhole. I held the basket up and inhaled. It smelled like flowers, but there was something else: the intoxicating aroma that I’d only experienced when I was near Katherine. I inhaled again, feeling the confusion and darkness of the past few days slowly fade. â€Å"I know everything’s very strange right now,† Emily said, breaking my reverie. â€Å"But my mistress only wishes the best for you.† She nodded toward the couch, as if inviting me to sit down. Obediently, I sat and stared at her. She was remarkably beautiful and carried herself with a type of grace I’d never seen before. Her movements and manners were so deliberate that watching her was like watching a painting come to life. â€Å"She would like to see you,† Emily said after a moment. The second the words left her lips, I realized that could never be. As I sat there, in the daylight of the parlor, with another person rather than being lost in my own thoughts, everything clicked into focus. I was a widower, and my duty now was to mourn Rosalyn, not to mourn my schoolboy fantasy of love with Katherine. Besides, Katherine was a beautiful orphan with no friends or relations. It would never work–could never work. â€Å"I did see her. At Rosalyn’s †¦ at the funeral,† I said stiffly. â€Å"That’s hardly a social call,† Emily pointed out. â€Å"She’d like to see you. Somewhere private. When you’re ready,† she added quickly. I knew what I had to say, what the only proper thing to say was, but the words were hard to form. â€Å"I will see, but in my current condition, I’m afraid I’m probably not in the best mood to go walking. Please send your mistress my regrets, although she will not want for company. I know my brother will go wherever she wishes,† I said, the words heavy on my tongue. â€Å"Y es. She is quite fond of Damon.† Emily gathered her skirts and stood up. I stood up as well and felt, even though I towered a head taller, that she was somehow more powerful than me. It was an odd yet not altogether unpleasant feeling. â€Å"But you can’t argue with true love.† With that she swept out the door and across the grounds, the daisy in her hair scattering its petals into the wind. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 11, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Daily Routine free essay sample

One of the biggest challenges in life in general, is finding time for all the things we want to do. The goal of this worksheet, is to help you find and schedule time time learn a language. Part A – Finding time Please think of all the â€Å"in between times† and tasks that dont require much thinking in your daily life and write them in on the chart below. We will write a custom essay sample on Daily Routine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Activity Average minutes spent per day Commuting to work or school minutes Household chores (ex. ashing the dishes, cooking, cleaning ) minutes Breaks at work minutes Shopping minutes Waiting (ex. for the bus, doctor, next meeting/class to start) minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes. Average total per day: minutes Part B – Activities that could be converted Please think of all the language related activities you do on a daily basis in your native language – which you could potentially do in the language you are learning and write them in the chart below. Activity Average minutes spent per day Reading (of any kind: book, newspaper, online, etc) inutes Watching television or movies minutes Listening to music minutes Playing video games minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Double Edged Sword Example Essay Example

Double Edged Sword Example Paper The evolution of the world and its civilizations is galvanized by continual scientific and technological progress, which is brought about by the vast reservoir of knowledge that humankind has gained over the centuries in countless attempts to quench their insatiable thirst for the ultimate key that will unlock all the secrets of life. In the last few decades, men and women of science who are determined to fully unveil the mysteries of the universe were already able to take evolution to a whole new level—one that is closer to its culmination. They were able to discover the amazing ability of defying nature and manipulating those which holds the code to the individual characteristics of every living organism: genes. Genetic engineering, or gene manipulation, was once but a very popular element of science fictions and films; now, it has been lifted off the pages and television screens, and has become a reality that can actually help humanity overcome many of its imperfections. However, as this truth shows only a small part of the big picture, the capability of modifying the biological makeup of organisms has generated conflicting views from society. It is best to acknowledge the fact that while recent breakthroughs have presented us with unforeseen promises, they have, at the same time, given us complex predicaments. The educational film DNA: The Promise and the Price introduces the viewers to four immensely powerful molecular biology techniques that may just as well decide the world’s future. With genetic engineering still in its premature stage, only time can tell whether its potential to improve medical technologies—and, subsequently, human lives—outweighs all the socio-ethical, political, and health repercussions that come with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Double Edged Sword Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Double Edged Sword Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Double Edged Sword Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cloning, perhaps the most famous genetic engineering technology of this time, is the process of producing an organism that is genetically identical to its progenitor by vegetative reproduction or a laboratory technique. It holds several medical benefits that once existed only in dreams, books, and movies. For instance, human therapeutic cloning can provide genetically identical cells from embryonic tissues for regenerative medicine, as well as new, healthy tissues and organs that can be used for transplantation. As such, cloning technologies can actually contribute greatly in the research and development for genetic diseases, as well as serious diseases such as cancer, heart diseases, and diabetes. The capability of generating artificial human cells can also lead to further improvements in cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries and burn treatments. Human reproductive cloning, meanwhile, could allow infertile couples to have children with at least some of their DNA. People could even clone themselves to be able to create the â€Å"perfect descendant† for them, or even the loved ones that they have lost to ease the pain of bereavement. However, the main argument against cloning is the fact that it is unethical and morally repugnant to use a human clone to save a life. A clone, though artificially made, is still a life form just like any other human being. To produce and later kill it merely for the sake of our needs would therefore be tantamount to committing a sin. Also, early experiments are most likely to result in a number of clinical failures and lead to miscarriage, the necessity of dozens or even hundreds of abortions, or births of massively deformed offspring. But problems with regards to early experiments pale in comparison to the socio-ethical issues that would surely arise should cloning succeed in producing a healthy child, and become part of the repertoire of new reproductive technologies presently offered to those with sufficient funds. Worse, society would be at a lost as to how to treat human clones. Another product of years of extensive research in genetic engineering is gene therapy, which involves the treatment of a genetic disease through the insertion of normal or genetically altered genes into cells and tissues in order to repair damaged or replace missing genes. It is seen as a potential cure for genetic disorders such as hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, severe combined immunodeficiency, etc. Genes and artificial chromosomes can also be inserted into embryos in a process known as germ-line gene therapy. This could be used to cure genetic disorders, including behavioral disorders such as schizophrenia, or to insert genes which enhance intelligence or athletic performance. The benefits of these genetic changes would be passed on to later generations. Nevertheless, gene therapy is far from perfect; in fact, it has caused the death of many patients who wished to cure themselves of their genetic disorders. Viruses, while the carrier of choice in most gene therapy studies, unfortunately presents a variety of potential problems to the patient, such as toxicity and immune and inflammatory responses. This medical procedure also has several limitations, such as its short-lived nature, as well as the fact this treatment is most suitable only for diseases that resulted from mutations in a single gene. It would be extremely difficult for gene therapy to effectively treat some of the most commonly occurring multi-factorial disorders such as heart diseases and diabetes, which are caused by the combined effects of variations in may genes. The next technique discussed in the film, RNA interference, can be used as a means of silencing gene expression. This can be harnessed to allow specific inhibitions of the function of any chosen target genes, including those involved in causing diseases such as cervical cancer and hepatitis. However, like gene therapy, success is only more likely in those diseases with a simple genetic basis rather than in complex multi-gene disorders. Diseases involving sites where delivery of synthetic RNA is more straightforward will also be more likely to be effectively treated. Also, geneticists are still in the process of improving the RNA interference technique so that they can ensure the procedure’s ability to selectively target cancer cells without destroying any normal cells. The last, and perhaps the most amazing, genetic technology shown in the film is stem cell therapy. Since stem cells are capable of being differentiated into basically all types of cells, they offer so much promise in the development of medical treatments for a wide range of conditions, including heart and brain diseases. Much success and potential has been demonstrated from research using adult stem cells. For instance, many patients with heart diseases who have resorted to stem cell therapy have made great progress in that more of their heart tissues are contracting normally. However—and this is where the controversy lies—the differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells is broader than most adult stem cells. It divides more rapidly than adult stem cells, potentially making it easier to generate a larger number of cells for therapeutic means. As such, it is the most versatile stem cells which can be eventually used to create a new organ. As such, scientists are looking into the use of embryonic stem cells, which could possibly lead to the creation of artificial, healthy organs in a few decade’s time. But, there is a price to be paid: sacrificial lives, in the form of embryos. Harvesting of embryonic stem cells can result in the destruction of human embryos, and even if clone embryos are used, they still count as human lives. As such, it would be very difficult for society to be able to swallow and accept such an immoral way of saving lives, especially those who believe that the end does not justify the means. As can be see, the promise of genetically modifying humans to improve their well being and to treat debilitating illnesses are becoming a reality. By delving deeper into the world of genetics, newfound knowledge may also enable us to go so far as to engineer our own genetic blueprints—to enhance our physical attributes and mental capabilities; to choose the sex, hair and eye color, and even the personality of our children; and, maybe—just maybe—to create seemingly perfect human beings with superpowers. However, despite the enormous amount of development in the field, our moral understanding and awareness is still limited in scope. Our ethical values are still not capable of providing us with adequate tools needed to address the socio-ethical problems posed by advances in genetics. As science outpaces moral understanding, scientists and ethicists are pitted against one another in their struggle to stand by what they believe is for the greater good and to articulate their concerns. While as proponents argue that genetic engineering can prevent and cure more diseases, ethicists believe that the risks—particularly the sacrifice of human lives to save those of others, as well as the after effects of manipulating that which has been ordained by nature—far outweigh the benefits. Humans have the natural tendency to abuse, and as such, the consequential misuse of genetic technologies is but inevitable. For instance, designer babies may be the realization of parents’ dreams for their children to be the best of the best, but altering a baby’s genetic traits and manipulating our own nature may demean the uniqueness of each individual and can therefore undermine our humanity. Children may, in effect, become mere consumer goods for ambitious parents. Gene manipulation, which is seen as a manifestation of the human desire to play God, is capable of entailing horrible social consequences. Society might just be divided between genetically modified humans whose abilities are enhanced and normal humans who don’t possess the same superhuman qualities. Worse, those who are lacking the genetic advantage might just end up becoming the inferior beings, living in a dreadful society with a lot of unimaginable problems. A future driven by genetic revolution seemed bright and wonderful; however, if society fails to expand its moral awareness to cope with the ethical questions that comes with this scientific development, the forces of nature might just catch us off-guard and backlash with a vengeance that we couldn’t possibly escape from. From this, it is apparent that gene manipulation can be likened to a double-edged sword—a weapon lethal against enemies, but with a great risk: it can just as easily kill the one who wields it.

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Tragedy of Reconstruction essays

The Tragedy of Reconstruction essays The Reconstruction: a tragic era? Some professional historians from the 1890s to the 1940s regarded Reconstruction as a tragic era. Was it really a tragic era? Did it adequately fulfill its role in the rebuilding of the Nation? In many ways, it did do its job, such as the abolishment of slavery. But in many other ways, the Reconstruction failed. The real tragedy of this time period, however, was the racism, segregation, and prejudices toward the blacks. It not only affected blacks of that time period, but it also affected blacks for nearly a century to come. First of all, one must analyze the Reconstruction and look at the positive and negative aspects of it. The Reconstruction came to a very abrupt end, leaving much to be desired. Even though the Thirteenth Amendment was passed, abolishing slavery in all of the States, the Reconstruction ended without doing anything to protect the Blacks rights; there was no progress in the fight for Civil Rights. The Reconstruction was also a time of economic depression. During this time period: hundreds of banks folded; 18,000 businesses closed their doors; factories closed; farmers fell deeper into debt. There was also commercial overexpansion and default on railroad bonds. As a result of all of this, the unemployment rate skyrocketed. About fifteen percent of the nation was unemployed. In fact, one quarter of New York City was unemployed. With this depression, the Gilded Age of the North came to an end. With the Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877, the Reconstruction also came to an end. Second of all, during Reconstruction, slaves gained their freedom. They, however, did not know what freedom meant. They werent even treated like free men. Their boundaries were restricted by the white men. They could not gain economic, political, or cultural autonomy. The government, who freed the slaves, did nothing to help gain Civil Rights for ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Plan - Essay Example One would be in Marlowe Arcade in Canterbury and in Westgate Shopping Centre at Oxford. Both stores shall carry the same products. The business will be financed with  £ 100,000 by a sole proprietor and  £ 200,000 through a business loan from a bank. Sales are estimated to reach about  £ 52,000 average for the first and second year. A positive cash flow is projected at the end of the first year. Prints & Plains shall offer products of various British Designers, from casual wear to formal wear, and to special attires depending on the season. As it caters mainly to women in their 20s and 30s who are already busy with their careers, it would present to this target market a wide array of choices in terms of clothing. It would offer practical get ups for the overly busy working women, and would carry stylish and fashionable ensembles as well. Covent Garden in London is popular for its shops, street performers, bars, restaurants, theatres and the Royal Opera House. It is an Italian style piazza holding restaurants, bars and fashionable boutiques and is known for being the capital’s premier entertainment and leisure destination. (Covent Garden Life.Com. 2007). In it are stores selling the country’s leading designer brands, and it has already a steady host of clients having been in operations for several years now. Marlowe Arcade in Canterbury and Westgate Shopping Centre at Oxford are both popular destinations for both local residents and tourists. They are also the best places to put up Prints & Plains branches as they are situated along busy districts where the hustle and bustle happens. Prints & Plains’s Target Market would primarily be working women in their early 20s to their late 40s, whose monthly salary range is from  £ 10,000 to  £ 50,000. They are the ones who appreciate trend and styles and would spend a considerable amount for nice clothing that would fit

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Great Gatsby, Animal farm or When I Whistle Essay - 1

Great Gatsby, Animal farm or When I Whistle - Essay Example Using Nicks perceptions, the writer suggests the distortion and betrayal of that dream. Gatsby pursues wealth and possessions in order to realize his dream of regaining a lost love, a mere illusion. The opulent society in which they exist looks down on ordinary people in the Valley of Ashes (symbol of dirt and poverty). The antagonist, Tom Buchanan shows us, by how he lives, that he has corrupted the dream, destroyed its integrity, has changed and hardened, Both Orwell and Fitzgerald have included a political aspect, of their respective societies; Animal Farm reflecting how Communism destroyed the socialist dream, Gatsby, how the wealthy have distorted the pure ideal of Capitalism. Using the words, thoughts and actions of their characters, they present their views, with dramatic effects both on the stories and their readers. The action drives forward to bitter endings in both instances. While time and place are important, the issues of evil, loss, tragedy and corruption transcend - they can happen anytime, anywhere. Both stories represent telling social and moral comment on how power and wealth can destroy societys In Animal Farm, the writer narrates, outside of the action, an apparently unbiased observer. Despite the animals talking like humans, his clarity of language makes this acceptable. When Old Major dreams, then teaches the animals Beasts of England, asking them to seek freedom, to revolt, the seed is planted for protagonists and reader, signaling the future. Orwell depicts the dreams erosion, introducing evil, using Napoleons antagonistic grasp of power, showing other animals, the dogs, as tools used to banish Snowball. Squealer and Napoleon are the devices by which the writer shows how power can corrupt, how animals/people can be duped. Boxer the horse demonstrates this, declaring Napoleon is always right, despite killings and punishments meted out, allegedly for supporting Snowball, who is also blamed when

Monday, November 18, 2019

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Paper - Essay Example During the transportation, 20 percent of people died due to poor conditions. With some countries burning it in the early 1990s, due to the inhuman nature, human trafficking still exists only with a new name. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, paragraph (a) under article 3, of the protocol to prevent, punish and suppress punishing of persons; human trafficking is the recruitment, haulage, harboring, intimidation of a person by use of abduction, fraud, deception, threat, force or by giving or receiving payments with the sole purpose of exploiting the person. The exploitations include sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, and exploitation for prostitution, servitude, slavery or removal of organs. Human trafficking covers all fields; however, the paper will give emphasis to trafficking of women a common and upcoming trend among many countries. Trafficking of Women is an abhorrent crime and currently many women fall into a victim of such instances due to many fa ctors. Advancement in technology among other factors such as economic conditions is the leading causes of trafficking (Shelley 2010, pp. 43). Consequently, many strategies get employed to curb the increasing trend especially among the developing countries. ... It is in this regard that desperate women fall victim and pass across borders into other countries with the sole purpose of sex work. Many women find themselves falling victim of such trafficking practices, when they are promised a better future, which later ends up to be as prostitution. Consequently, women get duped into trafficking due to drug trafficking. There are various organizations trafficking beautiful and attractive women for drug trafficking. This is a case scenario in south Asia and a substantial part of Europe, where girls are capture at a tender age and trained to supply drugs. Trafficking of women also gets promoted by worse economic conditions, which lead to poverty (Shelley 2010, pp. 50). Poverty remains a serious driving factor to trafficking of women. Women especially in developing countries are impoverished with many seeking for means of employment. It is from this perspective that when they are promised marvelous things oversees, they readily accept without know ing what waits. This, therefore, leads to trafficking of such women. Approaches in the current strategies to address human trafficking of women There are various approaches employed by various social groups, governments as well as nongovernmental organizations. One such strategy is the human right framework that outlines various human rights. Using the rights as a basis, various groups fight trafficking of women terming it as an inhuman activity. Some of the human rights include, The right to personal autonomy The right to enjoy psychological, sexual and physical health The right to work with adequate and just pay as well as excellent working conditions Freedom from forced labor and slavery The right not to be

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on Side Channel Pump

Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on Side Channel Pump Effects of the Geometrical Conditions on the Performance of a Side Channel Pump: A review Appiah Desmond, Zhang Fan, Yuan Shouqi and Osman Majeed Koranteng National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China Abstract The side channel pump is a type of regenerative pump which plays a role in between the centrifugal pump and the positive displacement pump. This kind of pump delivers a high head at relatively small flows compared with other axial and centrifugal pumps even though it requires a low specific speed. This paper firstly focuses on the physical principle behind the flow characteristics illustrating the complex flow inside the side channel pump. Further discussions disclosed that, the hydraulic performance of the pump greatly depends on the variations of the geometrical parameters. This review draws conclusion that, enhancement of the computational modeling techniques will improve the efficiency of this pump thereby broadening its applications. Keywords: Side Channel Pump, Hydraulic Performance, head, geometrical parameters, computational modeling 1.0 Introduction The side channel pump since its inception in 1920 by Siemen and Hinsch [1] has had great influence in the world of engineering. This pump plays a role in between the centrifugal pump and the positive displacement pump. The side channel pump is a kind of regenerative pump which has a low specific speed and requires minimal Net Suction Pump Head (NSPH). Due to its unique properties to self-prime and transports both liquids and gas, it has been used mainly in the fields of oil and gas industry, mining and other applicable fields. Most of these pumps have the ability to handle liquid with gas or vapor inclusions up to about 50% and also other media close to their boiling point [2]. The side channel pumps base its operation on the momentum transfer principle moving from the impeller blade to the fluid in the side channel of the pump [3, 4]. The side channel pump delivers a large head performance at relatively small flows [5]. The fluid gets into the pump and leaves after numerous impeller movements. The fluid velocity and its head increase causing it to have the capability to produce a head (pressure) compared to the axial and centrifugal pumps. Due to the smaller pressure difference, a fluid entering this type of pump closer to its vapor pressure is less susceptible to the pressure change that can bring about cavitation[4]. Over the years, the enhancement of the total efficiency of this pump still remains a challenge to engineers and scientist. The flow rate of fluid in the side channel pump is significantly influenced by the impeller designs on this basis urgent attention needs to be given to the design and optimization of the impeller and side channel [5, 6]. 2.0 Flow Mechanism The side channel pump mainly features a side channel in figure 1a. and an impeller usually with 18 to 26 blades figure 1b, which delivers the fluid circumferentially. The assembly of the side channel and the impeller is shown in figure 1c. The fluid flows in a straight line from the inlet of the pump and leaves through the outlet in a helical form after numerous re-entries into the rotating impeller. This effect causes an upturn in the pump head (pressure) from about 5~10 times better than the impeller of a common pump rotating at the same speed [5, 6]. side channel (b) radial impeller The assembly of side channel and impeller Figure 1: Typical side channel with radial impeller This makes the flow of fluids in this kind of pump very complex as depicted in figure 2. The pump does not transport the same volume of fluid that enters out meanwhile some portion of the fluid moves back into interrupter gap and is conveyed by the pressure side of the blade to the suction side [6]. Shirinov and Oberbeck [3] explained the movement of gas in the side channel pump. They pointed out that the momentum acquired by the blades of the impeller is transferred to the gas. The velocity of the gas is then increased both in the axial and radial direction by the impeller blades in the side channel. Figure 2. Flow pattern of liquids in the Side Channel Pump [5] The turbulence and the circulation models are largely used to describe the performance of the pump and also the characteristic curve computation. The side channel pump efficiency is usually below 40% because it is a type of a regenerative pump [5, 6]. Basically, the flow is very dependent on the orientation of the impeller, impeller blade and the side channel. There are many configurations of the impeller blade and shapes of the channel as depicted in figure 3 by Song et al. [7]. Figure 3: Different kinds of blade and channel shapes [7] A study by Senoo [8] on the influence of the developing area for different geometries of the inlet region of the regenerative pump observed the large channel region at the inlet port as capable of developing high pressure head leading to a better cavitation performance of the pump. Song et al. [7] developed a model for the flow theory in the regenerative pump to help address the lapses in the works of Senoo[8] and Wilson et al. [9] which mainly concentrated on the exchange of momentum of the flow. There were inaccuracies of some of the models suggested by [8, 9] to reduce the losses and slip factor links. This made the accurate prediction of the off-design flow conditions very incapable. Song and his colleagues [7] concentrated on introducing vibrant mathematical algorithms demonstrating the true behavior of the flow in the developing area of the inlet region. They based their research on assumptions which guided them in arriving at some meaningful conclusions. The velocity triangle relation between absolute velocity, V relative velocity, W and the impeller velocity, U was defined based on the velocity triangle in figure 4 at blade inlet, R1 and blade outlet, R2. Figure 4: Velocity triangle at locations R1 and R2 [7] From figure 5, there is no tangential velocity in the front and rear faces of the blade region. Thereby, the continuity was defined in equation 1 based on their first assumption that the flow should be steady and incompressible. (1) Figure 5: Elements of one side channel and blade [7] They developed the first-order nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) for predicting the circulatory velocity which showed a good agreement when its results were compared with that of experimental results. A new branch of fluid mechanics developed in the last decades called Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been employed lately in the modern engineering science to analyze the flow of fluids in turbo machines. The study of the fluid flow in the side channel pump using the CFD tool and an analytical method was the centered of BÓ §hle and Mullers [10] research. They developed an analytical model for the flow taking into consideration some assumptions. A momentum balance was expressed for the control volume of the flow in a circumferential course. (2) Where Cin = uniform velocity in circumferential course Csc = uniform velocity in the side channel à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ exch = mass exchange flow p = static pressure A =Side channel cross-section area A1 = surface control volume à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = mean shear stress Figure 6: momentum balance [7] The efficiency of the impeller and side channel was defined as (3) Where ÃŽÂ ·imp = impeller efficiency Pexch = Exchange work Power Pshaft = Power of shaft Phydr = Hydraulic power losses (4) Where ÃŽÂ ·sc= side channel efficiency Peff = effective power à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  = side channel pump mass flow g = acceleration due to gravity H = head of side channel pump Cin = uniform velocity in circumferential course = flow rate volume A =Side channel cross-section area Based on the efficiencies of the impeller and the side channel, the efficiency of the side channel pump, ÃŽÂ · was computed to be (5) Later, Kristof and his colleagues [11] also applied the CFD to model the flow course in the side channel pump as displayed in figure 6. A technique was modeled to optimize the orientation of the blade and the shape of the side channel to control the flow losses. They carried out simulations with the k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° turbulent conditions based on a 40100 cell tetrahedral mesh. Figure 6(a) and (b): Typical flow course with the side channel pump [11] In 2005, Engeda and Raheel [12] presented mathematical tools capable of examining the complex flow inside the regenerative pumps. These mathematical tools were used also used to develop the prediction performance code for regenerative pumps 3.0 Effects of the Geometrical design of the parameters of the Side Channel Pump The performance of the regenerative pump was examined by Iverson [13] with his focus on the shear stress generated by the impeller on the fluids. He then confirmed on his resulting expressions (two shear coefficients and an average impeller velocity) through experimentations. A mathematical tool was proposed by Wilson et al. [9] to investigate the performance of regenerative pumps which used radial blades. Equal pressure head rise and circulatory velocity through the channel region was anticipated by Wilson and his team. Much attention was given to the spiral flow to achieve many ways of curtailing the losses. Their results provided experimental verification after comparing the numerical and experimental performance curves. Yoo et al. [14] also tried to develop advanced mathematical equations to calculate the geometry of the rotating flows. They offered enhanced models to examine the flow rate, the average radii of the inlet and outlet impeller and the slip factor based on the exchan ge of momentum proposal by Wilson et al [9]. The models required an experimental boost to evaluate an empirical number in the proposed experimental model. The effect of the blade angle was not considered thus limiting the applicability as a design tool. The variation of the radial blade numbers, the clearance and the channel region of regenerative pumps were conducted by Shimosaka and Yamazaki [15]. Investigations conducted by varying the dimension of flow channels, impellers and clearances on a regenerative pump concluded that, the characteristic dimension of the flow channel is related to the clearances effects, which in turn influences the pump efficiency. The characteristic dimension of the flow channel was introduced as a special dimension which was given as: (6) Where Rmis the characteristic dimension of flow A is the cross-sectional area of the flow channel is the circumferential length of the blade(vane) Figure 7: Flow channel and blade profile They reported that a suitable Rm would yield a high efficiency of the pump. Therefore, the value of the Rm determines the permissible clearance. The pump efficiency was also strongly influenced by the number of blades (vanes) which is dependent on the characteristic dimension of the flow channel, the thickness and length of the blade and the width ratio as shown in figure 7. It was established that the efficiency of the pump varies with different width ratios of the vane groove which aids in the determination of the blade number. Width ratio,(7) Defining Z = Number of blades D = Diameter of impeller t1 = Peripheral width of blade groove t2 = Peripheral length of blade groove Additionally, Yamazak et al. [16] also carried out works to investigate the efficiency of the regenerative pump. Unlike Shimosaka and Yamazaki [15], they used the non-radial blades and concluded that the blade angle and the cross-sectional area of the flow channel play a vital role in the determination of the head (pressure) loss in the flow channel. Άh = Hs Hmin(8) Where Άh = the magnitude of head loss Hs = the suction head Hmin = the minimum pressure head in flow It was noted that the magnitude of Άh reduces to almost half that of water with the same velocity in the event of high viscous liquid. Motivated especially by the observations made by [15, 16], Grabow [17] also took into consideration the effects of the impeller, the number of blades and the role of the radii and thickness of the blades during his research study. The blade angles were varied to define a very satisfactory exchange of energy and pressure head levels, which in effect helps to evaluate cavitation performance better. Bartolini and Romani [18] also affirm that, the flow rate of the regenerative pumps depends on the optimization of the impeller flow. A new theory was proposed by Badami [19] on the calculation of the circulation flow rate of the regenerative pumps. This model took into account the field of the centrifugal force in both the side channel and the blade orientation. Also, his work also considered the influences of the geometry of the blades (number and angles) and the area of the side channel. Earlier it had been discussed by Sachs and Shirinov [20] that the best number of blades depends directly on the diameter of the impeller and inversely proportional to the side channels size. After that work, Shirinov and Oberbeck[3] then focused their investigations on the transportation of gas in the side channel pump by using different blade profiles. They compared C, V, and Y blade profiles with the radial (T) blade profile as shown in figure 8. Figure 8: Impeller with different blade profiles After comprehensive comparisons, it was established that blade profile C gave an optimal performance at pressures exceeding 20kPa meanwhile at pressures from 100Pa to 20kPa, the impeller with blade profile V (Chevron) recorded an optimal performance because there was a high transfer of momentum from the impeller to the gas inside the side channel within such pressure range. An extensive experimental research was also conducted by Choi et al. [21].Their work was mainly focused on the limitations of [14, 15, 17]. They examined the effects of the geometry on the blade on the efficiency of regenerative pumps. Ten different configurations of blades which comprised straight inclined blades with angles of 0 °,  ±15 °,  ±30 ° and  ±45 ° and chevron impeller blade with chevron angles of 15 °, 30 °, and 45 ° were used in conducting the experiments. The measured performance of the pump were measured based on the dimensionless flow à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, head coefficient, à Ã‹â€ , efficiency, ÃŽÂ · and power coefficient, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾. (9) Where Q = volumetric flow rate Qs= rigid-body rotational volume displacement rate (10) H = head Ug = rigid body rotation velocity g = acceleration due to gravity (11) The experimental results showed that the pressure head and the pump efficiency is greatly related to the geometry (shape and angle) of the blade as revealed in figure 9(a) and 9(b). Figure 9(a). Pump curve characteristics for the different blade orientation [21] Figure 9(b). Efficiency curve characteristics for the blade orientations [21] The chevron blade(V-shaped) with chevron angle of 30 ° recorded the highest head performance with a better pump efficiency as revealed in figure 8(a) and 8(b) after a comparative test of all the ten blades showing that there was an optimum chevron angle of around 30 °. This report showed good agreement with the work of [3] because of the high energy transfer at high pressures. The variation of the Reynolds number plays an important role in the performance of the regenerative pump computationally and experimentally. It was established by Horiguchi et al. [22] that, as the Reynolds number declines the pressure head of the regenerative pump rises at low flow rate and reduces at high flow rate. This effect of the Reynolds number is greatly affected by the degree of the shear force applied the impeller and the shear stress exerted by the fluid on the casing wall. Meakhail and Park [23] with the help of the CFD put forward an improved model to enhance the efficiency of the re generative pump. They based their arguments on the experimental works conducted by Meakhail et al. [24], Abdou et al. [25] and Abd El-Messih et al. [26] on the same kind of pump. They then confirmed their numerical model with the experimental results which were in good correlation. Figure 10a: Spiral flow course [23] Figure 10b: Impeller and Side channel dimensions [23] The improved model considered the tip (ÃŽÂ ²2), side (ÃŽÂ ²2s) and inlet (ÃŽÂ ²1) angles since a part of the fluid flowing leaves at the tip of the impeller and the other part of the fluid leaves at the side as indicated in figure 10. The CFX software was used to compare the efficiency of the pump with radial blades of different ÃŽÂ ²2s at the tip of the blade and ÃŽÂ ²1 for the same ÃŽÂ ²2. They confirmed that the side-blade angle has a significant effect on the performance of the side channel pump. The FLUENT software was applied in the examination of the flow of the fluid in this kind of pump by [27, 28]. The experimental results corroborated the CFD analysis. They also used a one-dimensional method to describe the energy transfer inside the regenerative pump and estimate the influence of the geometry of the blade on the efficiency of the pump. The performance of the regenerative pump was examined by Karanth et al. [29] numerically with the help of CFD. They studied the complex nature of the flow of fluid inside the regenerative pump. It was discussed that the number of impeller blades had a great significant on the performance of the pump. The head performance of the pump appreciates with the increase in the number of blades. Following the works of [29] the CFD was also applied by Maity et al. [30] to simulate the flow of fluids in regenerative pumps. It was established from their work that the pressure head loss can be minimized by curving the outlet flow domain as indicated in figure 11. Figure 11: Regenerative Pump model displaying the curvature in the outlet domain [30] It was indicated that there is a high rotating stalling flow at the outlet of the pump because of the reduction of the area. This effect enhances the static and total pressure across the pump. Hence, the curvature in turn increases the net pressure head by reducing the vortex flow as in shown in figure 12. Figure 12: Bar diagram showing the total pressure for the Pump model with outlet domain curvature [30] They also ended that, the net pressure is significantly enhanced by locating the blades on either side of the impeller by offsetting. Moreover, the net pressure is also affected by varying the number of blades on either side of the impeller. Fleder [31] numerically and experimentally examined the effects of the geometry of the blade on industrial side channel pumps in 2012. Two different impeller blade profiles were developed using ANSYS CFX 13.0 and subjected to investigations as shown in figures 13 and 14. Figure 13: Design of the Side Channel Pump [31]Figure 14: Impeller Blade Profiles [31] He concluded his work after comparison of the computational and experimental results. The experimental validation was done with a rotational speed of 750 rpm. The Imp 1 depicted good accordance both numerically and experimentally. Meanwhile, Imp 2 recorded a faster head rise because of the higher circulation frequency. This, in turn produces a greater multi-stage influence as depicted in figure 15. Figure 15: Assessment of the pressure head performance of the simulated and experimental results for Imp 1 and Imp 2[31] In addition, Fleder again with Bohle [32] carried out advanced studies to improve the performance of the side channel pump. In this paper, they extended their scope not only to cover the blade profile. The impeller diameter, the size of the gap, interrupter size, side channel height and the shape of the side channel were the main parameters considered. Variation of the height of the side channel, h, the width of the blade, w and the length of the blade, l, were applied to two different pump models in figure 15. Pump Model A Pump Model A Impeller Diameter = 150 mm Impeller Diameter = 160 mm Gap Size s, = 0.2 mmGap Size s, = 0.4 mm Interrupter size = 300Interrupter size = 460 Side Channel height, h = 35 mmSide Channel height, h = 40 mm Shape of Side Channel = semi-circleShape of Side Channel = Straight Figure 16: Variations in the pump models A and B [32] Figure 17: Parameters of the Side Channel Pump [32] The ICEM software was applied to develop the computational models which were meshed using the structured hexahedral multi-blocks grids. They chose k-w-SST profile to assess the flow fluctuations. It was gathered that the efficiency of the pump is dependent on the ratio of the side channel height, h to the blade length, l. Furthermore, sharper pressure head features and meaningfully greater efficiencies are achieved with a gap reduction of the pump. The work done by [21, 31, 32] on the influence of the blade angle motivated Nejadrajabali et al.[4] in 2016 also to analyze the pattern of the flow and the improvement of the efficiency of the pump by modifying the geometry of the blades. Their focus was on the effect of the variations of the angle of the blade, ÃŽÂ ² numerically on the efficiency of the regenerative pump such as the side channel pump. The investigations were carried out using two sets of impellers i.e. (the symmetric blade angles and asymmetric blades angles). The symmetric blade angles were designed with the same inlet and outlet angles of  ±10o,  ±30o and  ±50o whiles the asymmetric blade angles were also designed with the inlet set to 0o and different outlet angles ranging from  ±10o to  ±50o as illustrated in figure 18. Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²1,2 =  ±10o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²1,2 =  ±30o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²1,2 =  ±50o Symmetric blades with equal inlet ÃŽÂ ²1 and outlet ÃŽÂ ²2 angles Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²2 =  ±10o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²2 =  ±30o Forward/backward ÃŽÂ ²2 =  ±50o Asymmetric blades with inlet ÃŽÂ ²1 = 0o Figure 18: Geometrical designs of impellers [4] These geometrical designs were well enhanced with the application of the CFX software using the Reynolds decomposition to evaluate the complete 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. It was pointed out after the numerical simulations that, the forward symmetric blade angles compared with the other models recorded higher coefficients of heads and displayed a better performance. Recently, Zhang together with his colleagues [33] improved the head pressure performance of the side channel pump by varying the suction side blade angles from 00 to 300 as indicated in figures 19 and 20. Figure 19: Cross-sectional area of the blade [33] Figure 20: The impeller with various suction side blade profile angles indicating ÃŽÂ ¸ = 100, ÃŽÂ ¸ = 200 and ÃŽÂ ¸ = 300 [33] The CFX 14.5 commercial software was used to simulate the turbulence based on the k-w SST model. After experimentally comparing the results with the numerical simulations, it was recognized that the head performance appreciates with increasing suction side blade angles within a certain range. Even though the impeller blade profile with suction angle 300 recorded the optimal head performance, there was no significant advancement in the efficiency of the side channel pump. The regenerative pump (side channel pump) records efficiencies lesser than other types of pumps like the axial and centrifugal pumps. BÓ §hle et al. [34] lately attempted to improve the efficiency of the side channel pump by using the direct method in the context of the CFD simulations to calculate the massive losses which are associated with the various kinds of internal flow patterns of the fluid. The second law of thermodynamics was main physical principle applied in the estimation of the internal losses due to the flow patterns. According to Spurk and Aksels [35] proposal expressed in equation 10, the specific entropy s is a state variable agreeing with the second law of thermodynamics appreciates in all real and irreversible mechanical process in the case of turbomachinery. (12) Where = density of the fluid s = specific entropy u = velocity component in x direction v = velocity component in y direction w = velocity component in z direction x = x coordinate y = y coordinate z = z coordinate = heat flux density vector = Dissipation = local dissipation by heat transfer After the applications of three different models ( i.e. k-à Ã‚ µ model, k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model and the k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° -SST model) to calculate and locate the coefficient of the losses, they remarked that the k-à Ã‚ µ model and k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model predicts estimates regions of higher coefficient of losses matched to the k-à Ã¢â‚¬ °-SST model. 4.0 Conclusion Though there have been several investigations into the theory of the flow principle of the fluid and variation of the geometry of the impeller and side channel, t

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

A Comparison of Thomas Grays Elegy (Eulogy) Written in a Country Churc

A Comparison of Thomas Gray's Elegy (Eulogy) Written in a Country Churchyard and Bryant's Thanatopsis  Ã‚     Ã‚   Thomas Gray and William Cullen Bryant both chose to write about nature and death being intertwined. Since Thomas Gray lived in a time of social injustice, he chose to use death to illustrate the problems inherent in a socially stratified society. William Cullen Bryant, on the other hand, lived in a rapidly expanding young nation that cherished the vast amounts of untouched nature and he used death to illustrate how man fits into the universal truth of the earth. However, both men believed that death rendered all men equal in that all went to their final resting place in Mother Nature's bosom. While Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" comes across as a social commentary on the English peasants and Bryant's "Thanatopsis" serves as a catalog of American Romantic beliefs, both believe that one must listen to nature, that death makes all men equal, and that man returns to nature after death. To compare how the poems minor themes are similar, one must first understand their major themes' differences. "Elegy" differs so greatly from "Thanatopsis" because they came from vastly different times and countries. Gray wrote "Elegy" in eighteenth century England after the death of one of his friends. Influenced by the English Romantics like Gray, Bryant, who spent much of his time out in the wild, wrote "Thanatopsis" in praise of nature's splendor. "Elegy" appears at first to be solely about death but emerges as a social commentary on the plight of the poor. Gray first explains how the commoners delight in the simple life of working in the fields and enjoying their families while "Chill Penury" held them back from gr... ...    Brady, Frank. "Structure and Meaning in Gray's Elegy" Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 7-17.    Carper, Thomas. "Gray's Personal Elegy" Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 39-50.    Lonsdale, Roger. "Poetry of Thomas Gray: Versions of the Self" Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 19-38.    McLean, Albert. William Cullen Bryant. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc, 1964. 65-81.    Smith, Eric. "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 51-67.    Peckham, Harry Houston. Gotham Yankee. New York: Russell and Russell, 1971. 31-35.   

Monday, November 11, 2019

History of Fire Sprinklers Essay

Rome, 64 A. D. Emperor Nero watched in horror as the great city of Rome burned for six days and seven nights. Afterwards 70% of the city was left in smoldering ruins and devastation. (The Burning of Rome, 64 AD 1) Why the exact cause of the fire is unknown, we wonder if an effective sprinkler system could have prevented this incident and others like it. A city that was well known for their magnificent construction, architecture, and irrigation systems was almost completely destroyed by one incident. Many codes do not require a specific type of Automatic Sprinkler System. While the most common type found is the Wet Pipe System; Dry Pipe, Preaction, and Deluge Systems can be found in many different occupancy types. The two main purposes of automatic sprinkler systems are to extinguish fires and control the fire until appropriate personnel arrive to extinguish the fire. Automatic sprinkler systems are expected in all occupancy types, except residential, unless the hazard is not compatible with water. For these hazards there are several other types of suppression systems that can be installed to manage the incident. By installing an automatic sprinkler system, you increase life safety and property protection. What is the standard of sprinkler systems? The goal is to increase life safety and decrease property damage. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has been the leader in mandating standards and requirements when it comes to sprinkler systems. They have developed many standards that address the installation, inspection, and maintenance of sprinklers. Wet pipe systems are closed water systems attached to a piping system containing pressurized water at all times. This type of automatic sprinkler system is the most common type, and can be found in all most all occupancy types. Unless the potential of freezing pipes or other special conditions apply, this type of system will be encountered most frequently. The operation of this sprinkler system is very simple. The wet-pipe system consists of sprinkler heads attached to sprinkler supply lines that interlace the occupancy. When a fire first starts there is minimum heat generated. As the fire grows and the thermal layer is disturbed, heat rises to the targeted sprinkler heads. Depending on the rated temperature of the sprinkler head, a fusible disc or link melts from the heat and initiates the flow of water. While most fires are controlled by one or two sprinkler heads, in the case of fast moving fires more may be needed to control the fire. When water is flowed from the system, typically other things may happen. In all most all wet-pipe systems, there is some type of audible alarm activated at the standpipe. This will trigger other alarms in the building, and most of the time notifies an agency that will then notify the Fire Department of a water flow alarm or others like it. Dry pipe systems use air or nitrogen to keep the supply line pressurized at all times. This type of automatic sprinkler system is commonly found in the colder areas where the possibilities of freezing pipes are encountered. Dry-pipe systems provide the same adequate protection similar to wet-pipe systems. The piping is charged with air or nitrogen, and when a sprinkler head is activated the drop in the pressure opens a valve at the standpipe that allows water to flow into the systems. (Bahme 25) Just like the wet-pipe system, normally one or two sprinkler heads are needed to control the fire. There will also be an alarm that is activated notifying the appropriate agency to contact the Fire Department. At lest once a week the system should be tested to make sure that the air pressure within the piping is maintained. The third type of automatic sprinkler system is the Pre-action System. This type of system is a closed piping system that contains air, which may or may not be under pressure. When a fire occurs the fire detecting device signals the control valve to open charging the system. This type of system is usually used where the possibility of broken pipes and sprinkler heads may result. The most common places found include electrical rooms, computer rooms, and other areas that may house expensive equipment. There can be several types of pre-action system including a recycling system. This system is capable of charging the piping, discharging water, then cutting itself off. In the event that the fire rekindles, it can discharge again. It then has the ability to recycle the water. Deluge systems are much like Pre-action systems except that the sprinkler heads are open and the system is not charged. Similar to that of the pre-action systems, a fire detection device, usually a heat sensor, activates the discharge valve on the system. The difference is that the entire sprinkler component of the system is open; therefore the area that is activated is deluged in water. These types of automatic sprinkler system can be found where a high hazard of flammable liquid may be encountered. The most common place is aircraft hangars. Caution should be taken though; in confined spaces the oxygen level can be deficient when these systems are activated due to the copious amounts of water. Combined Dry-Pipe and Pre-action systems are composed of both the systems mentioned above. These systems have the dry pipe features with the pre-action features in the event the dry pipe portion fails. These systems are used when an area is too large to be covered by a dry pipe system. On the same note though, combined systems were originally developed for protection during cold climates. Long lines would be subject to freezing. These systems are commonly found when dealing with long piers. (Bahme 30) It is important to note this type of system is considered two independent systems. Testing requires individual standards for both type; consisting of the dry pipe system and the pre-action system. Limited water supply systems are those where supply water cannot be properly supplied to the occupancy. These systems consist of many wide range types and can be used as outside sprinklers and confined space sprinklers. Some research obtained shows that one type of limited water sprinkler type could be the antifreeze sprinkler system. This type of system is very uncommon and is normally not accepted and used in recent automatic sprinkler systems. In conclusion, there are several types of water sprinklers used in today’s management to help increase life safety and decrease property damage. By including detection devices and the correct sprinkler heads, these systems can mean the difference between life and death. The occupancy should have the correct automatic sprinkler system that will properly suppress the material relevant in that occupancy regardless of the type. The preferred automatic sprinkler system should all be able to notify the occupants, summon the correct agency to suppress the fire, sound alarms, supervise fire control, and initiated a wide variety of auxiliary functions involving environmental, utility, and process controls. (IFSTA 559)

Friday, November 8, 2019

Spanish Proverbs and Quotes for Your Life

Spanish Proverbs and Quotes for Your Life Like their English counterparts, Spanish proverbs often capture the wisdom of the ages with timeless advice about life. En boca cerrada no entran moscas Translation: Flies dont enter a closed mouth. (You wont make a mistake if you dont talk.) Here are enough proverbs to last for a month. To test your vocabulary or stretch your interpretation skills, try translating them and coming up with an English equivalent, although be warned that there isnt always a direct English counterpart. Very loose translations or English equivalent proverbs are in parentheses. 31 Spanish Proverbs, Quotes, and Sayings El hbito no hace al monje. The habit doesnt make the monk. (Clothes do not make the man.)A beber y a tragar, que el mundo se va a acabar. Heres to drinking and swallowing, for the world is going to be finished. (Eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die.)Algo es algo; menos es nada. Something is something; less is nothing. (Its better than nothing. Half a loaf is better than none.)No hay que ahogarse en un vaso de agua. It isnt necessary to drown oneself in a glass of water. (Dont make a mountain out of a molehill.)Borra con el codo lo que escribe con la mano. He/she erases with the elbow what his/her hand is doing. (His right hand doesnt know what his left hand is doing.)Dame pan y dime tonto. Give me bread and call me a fool. (Think of me what you will. As long as I get what I want, it doesnt matter what you think.)La cabra siempre tira al monte. The goat always heads toward the mountain. (The leopard doesnt change its spots. You cant teach an old dog new tricks.)El amor todo lo puede. Love can do it all. (Love will find a way.) A los tontos no les dura el dinero. Money does not last for fools. (A fool and his money are soon parted.)De mà ºsico, poeta y loco, todos tenemos un poco. We all have a little bit of musician, poet and crazy person in ourselves.Al mejor escribano se le va un borrà ³n. To the best scribe comes a smudge. (Even the best of us make mistakes. Nobodys perfect.)Camarà ³n que se duerme se lo lleva la corriente. The shrimp that falls asleep is carried by the current. (Dont let the world pass you by. Stay alert and be proactive. Dont fall asleep at the wheel.)A lo hecho, pecho. To what is done, the chest. (Face up to what is. What is done is done.)Nunca es tarde para aprender. It never is late for learning. (It is never too late to learn.)A otro perro con ese hueso. To another dog with that bone. (Tell that to someone who will believe you.)Desgracia compartida, menos sentida. Shared misfortune, less sorrow. (Misery loves company.)Donde hay humo, hay calor. Where theres smoke, theres heat. (Where theres smoke theres fire.) No hay peor sordo que el que no quiere oà ­r. There is not a worse deaf person than the one who doesnt want to hear. (There is none so blind as he who will not see.)No vendas la piel del oso antes de cazarlo. Dont sell the bears hide before you hunt it. (Dont count your chickens before they hatch.)Quà © bonito es ver la lluvia y no mojarse. How nice it is to see the rain and not get wet. (Dont criticize others for the way they do something unless youve done it yourself.)Nadie da palos de balde. Nobody gives sticks for free. (You cant get something for nothing. Theres no such thing as a free lunch.)Los rboles no estn dejando ver el bosque. The trees arent allowing one to see the forest. (You cant see the forest for the trees.)El mundo es un paà ±uelo. The world is a handkerchief. (Its a small world.)A cada cerdo le llega su San Martà ­n. Every pig gets its San Martà ­n. (What goes around comes around. You deserve what you get. San Martà ­n refers to a traditional celebration in which a pig is sacrificed.) Consejo no pedido, consejo mal oà ­do. Advice not asked for, advice poorly heard. (Someone who doesnt ask for advice doesnt want to hear it. Dont give advice unless youre asked.)Obras son amores y no buenas razones. Acts are love and good reasons arent. (Actions speak louder than words.)Gobernar es prever. To govern is to foresee. (It is better to prevent problems than to fix them. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.)No dejes camino viejo por sendero nuevo. Dont leave the old road for a new trail. (Its better to stick with what works. A short cut isnt always quicker.)No dejes para maà ±ana lo que puedas hacer hoy. Dont leave for tomorrow that which you can do today.Donde no hay harina, todo es mohina. Where theres no flour, everything is an annoyance. (Poverty breeds discontent. If your needs arent met, you wont be happy.)Todos los caminos llevan a Roma. All roads lead to Rome. (Theres more than one way to reach a goal. All actions have the same result.) And a Bonus Handful La lengua no tiene hueso, pero corta lo ms grueso. The tongue doesnt have a bone, but it cuts the thickest thing. (Words are more powerful than weapons.)La raà ­z de todos los males es el amor al dinero. The root of all evils is love toward money. (Love of money is the root of all evil.)A falta de pan, tortillas. Lack of bread, tortillas. (Make do with what you have. Half a loaf is better than none.)El amor es como el agua que no se seca. Love is like water that never evaporates. (True love lasts forever.)

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

WK 4 Essays

WK 4 Essays WK 4 Essay WK 4 Essay Question 1: Reliability pertains to the consistency of the measurement i.e. to have the same results each time under same conditions and same subjects under consideration. As reliability can not be calculated exactly each time so we estimate reliability. One type of this estimated reliability is Test-Retest Reliability i.e. to check to what extent a test will produce same result over a period or time. For example to test the â€Å"relationship between good neighborliness on health among Afro-American community of some selected New York ghettos† will be tested thrice over a period of over 2 years. Same measures will be emulated and administered thrice. The subjects and other correlative and variables will remain same and only hypotheses will tested again and again to check the reliability of the results. Reliability of measurements leads to the validity of the result i.e. strength of the conclusion(s). A test-pre-test reliability leads to Concurrent Validity i.e. a time-honored result of conclusion established after tests yielded same results each time. For example a clear relationship between good neighborliness and health is established with an adequate consistency level of .80 or greater. This .80 or greater level checked thrice lends validity to the conclusion. Question 2: Ethical Concern A: Human subjects under consideration must be informed of the experiment and must not be coerced to participate. This can lead to slight decrease in the reliability of the experiment and validity of the result to some extent as sampling will not remain same each time. If the quit level is too high then it can affect the reliability of the measurement too drastically. One way to address this ethical concern is that those subjects should be included in the sampling that could be willingly available next two times for test-retest. They should not have any relocation or any other objection on the experimentation during those two years. Ethical Concern B: Covert overt Research is another concern Research participants may change their behavior and modify their responses when they know that they are involved in experimentation. One way to overcome this concern is that participants should be informed of their participation in experimentation but must not be share the objectives and patterns of the research. Participant observation methods should be used for this purpose. Question 3: 1. Validity of the data collection instrument is in question as source of data in these articles is highly unreliable and it is not defined in concrete terms and no specifications are provided for this source of data. Source of data is Senator Clinton supporters in west Virginia but it is not clear whether this sampling represent whole west Virginia or a city. 2.  Opinion polls do follow the criterion for data collection as outlined for sociological research.   There source and sampling is not adequate enough to meet the necessities of sociological research. Mostly their sources are too wide and generic as they capture wider audience and groups. Their hypotheses are not properly formed and variable are not properly controlled. 3.  Reliability and validity can be checked to some extent. If readers are provided with the details of the instrument(s) utilized to collect the data. 4. Results presented by media reports and opinion polls do not undergo the reliability and validity tests. There is no test-pretest procedure over a period of time to lend concurrent validity to the conclusion. Furthermore, their results are molded by subjectivity i.e. personal biases and prejudices.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Postural Changes associated with Pregnancy Dissertation

Postural Changes associated with Pregnancy - Dissertation Example INTRODUCTION Posture is defined as the arrangement of body parts with reference to each other. Thus a good posture refers to the optimum alignment of musculoskeletal system so as to enable body movement with maximum efficiency (Britnell et al., 2005). Pregnancy brings about multiple changes in the women’s body affecting almost every biological system. While some of these changes go with pregnancy, others continue to affect for longer duration. There is an increase in body mass and dimensions with non-uniform distribution of both of these parameters. Thus the centre of gravity of the body and therefore, its equilibrium is disturbed and in order to regain it the body must lean backwards. The skeletal and muscular system of the women’s body undergoes several biomechanical changes to accommodate the growing uterus, maintain body balance and facilitate smooth delivery. Moreover the hormonal changes during pregnancy too affect the musculoskeletal system. Later weeks of pregna ncy are characterized by lordosis or a significantly increased curvature of the spine. Thus changes are observed in both the static and dynamic posture of the women during pregnancy. Along with these postural changes are observed discomforts such as low back pain which may or may not be associated with the postural changes. Moreover the postural changes have also been linked to increased vulnerability to fall incidences. Research has shown that the major postural adaptations associated with pregnancy include forward shift in centre of gravity, and subsequent anterior pelvic tilt, with some cases of lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis. Approximately 75% of women exhibit a more posterior posture wherein the mass of the expanding uterus with the fetus is shifted posterior to the prior centre of gravity (Britnell et al., 2005). While pregnancy itself is associated with different levels of multiple discomforts both physical and mental, an understanding of the mechanism and nature of ch anges associated with pregnancy is imperative for developing measures to deal with these problems. This literature review aims to study the various aspects of postural changes associated with pregnancy. 2. PURPOSE Bipedalism is a distinguishing character of hominids and the human skeleton has developed several adaptations to enable it. One of the chief adaptations was an elongated lumbar region with both an increased length of individual vertebra and also increase in number of vertebra. Besides this, the lumbar vertebra are also arranged in a significantly concave curve, the feature being specifically termed as lumbar lordosis. As a consequence of lumbar lordosis the trunk’s centre of mass (COM) is shifted to a position above the hips thereby imparting stability to the upper part of body (Whitcome et al., 2007). The second major adaptation is sagittal pelvic tilt. Human posture and motion is thus defined by two biomechanical components responsible for imparting stability viz lumbar lordosis and sagittal pelvic tilt. However, pregnancy related marked changes in body shape and mass pose significant challenges to the bipedal stability (Whitcome et al.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Soul Man Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soul Man - Movie Review Example It goes to show the reality, things have changed for the better but racism still remains a daunting challenge and it affects the lives of the blacks' day in and day out. Racism is portrayed and also condoned in some shots of the movie thought it isn't conspicuous, this movie could only have been made in the late 1980s, it would have been severely condemned had it been made in the present time. Some shots are very offensive and raised a hue and cry back then but it was settled and did not become a great problem. The after-school format is also shown in the movie and it represents stereo-type, it goes to show how almost everyone does the same thing and the same represents stereo-typing in the society. The stereo-typing was focused upon to make the audience laugh and this, wavered the intention of the director. The intention was to make the people realize how stereotypical the society had become and to motivate the people to think out of the box but when it was turned into a comedy, the essence of it was lost and as a result of which the desired impact wasn't created on the minds of the people. Mark turned into a black man in order to

Thursday, October 31, 2019

CTE 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CTE 3 - Essay Example The Syrian opposition accused the Syrian government of shelling that led to the mass killing. When asked, the government of Syria denied the responsibility and referred to the accusations as baseless allegations, though the accounts could not be verified because of the restricted observers and journalists. â€Å"Those responsible for perpetrating these crimes must be held to account. We cannot allow mass killing to become part of everyday reality in Syria† (Annan cited in Khan, 2012). Last year, commencement of the street uprising among the Syrians has led to the development of a scattered and sprawling force of opposition that attempted to bring the President’s regime down. The White House spokesman Jay Carney noticed elements of threat for the US in the uprisings that he revealed in these words, â€Å"We’ve certainly noted that there are some elements of the opposition that are not necessarily friendly to the United States. They do not make up the bulk of the opposition, and the opposition is not entirely unified, as you know† (Carney cited in Childress, 2012). In December 2012, the US joined the Gulf states, France, Turkey, and Britain to formally identify the opposition of Syria in the National Coalition as Syrian people’s legitimate representative (BBC, 2013). Syria and Turkey have placed ban on providing air space to each other’s planes after five civilians were killed as a result of the Syrian mortar fire on the border of Turkey. President Obama then said that the National Coalition includes and represents the big step. Syria has an effective program of research and development in the area of nuclear energy. Syria is working with Russia and China to develop a program of civilian nuclear energy. In addition to that, in spite of the fact that Syria has signed the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Syria has not yet signed the Additional Protocol NPT. Likewise, Syria has not signed the Chemical Weapons Convention. Currently, Syria is running a

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Hr Policies of Ibm by Bal Essay Example for Free

Hr Policies of Ibm by Bal Essay About ibm IBM is a global technology and innovation company that stands for progress. With operations in over 170 countries, IBMers around the world invent and integrate hardware, software and services to help forward-thinking enterprises, institutions and people everywhere succeed in building a smarter planet. IBM has been present in India since 1992. The diversity and breadth of the entire IBM portfolio of research, consulting, solutions, services, systems and software, uniquely distinguishes IBM India from other companies in the industry. IBM Indias solutions and services span all major industries including financial services, healthcare, government, automotive, telecommunications and education, among others. As a trusted partner with wide-ranging service capabilities, IBM helps clients transform and succeed in challenging circumstances. IBM has been expanding its footprint in India and has a presence in over 200 cities and towns across the country either directly or through its strong business partner network. IBM India has clearly established itself as one of the leaders in the Indian Information Technology (IT) Industry and continues to transform itself to align with global markets and geographies to grow this leadership position. Widely recognised as an employer of choice, IBM holds numerous awards for its industry-leading employment practices and policies. IBM has one of the largest professional workforces in the world today. And what we bring to market is the expertise of our people, a workforce which is responsive to market requirements, with the skills and expertise to deliver value to clients, is resilient to market forces and delivers strong leadership. IBM has retained its position as one of the World’s Top Employers of Choice over these years because of its three-fold initiatives for the employees: * Capability: Rigorous and ongoing career/skills development programs * Climate: A challenging, empowering work environment, with world-class infrastructure * Culture: Sensitive to a global workforce The attributes that qualify these 3Cs are the Top Reasons that people come to work at IBM. IBM HR Policies 1. Global employment standards At IBM, we have always set high standards for the way we conduct business – in areas from corporate and social responsibility to sound business ethics, including compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. These Conduct Principles apply to all IBM employees. However, they are not meant to describe the full scope of IBM human resource policies or practices. More detailed statements of policies, procedures and practices are contained in documents such as the IBM Business Conduct Guidelines. Employees are required to comply with all IBM policies, procedures and practices at all times and are responsible for consulting their management if they have any questions. Our goal is to ensure full compliance with these principles by IBM managers and employees. A companion to this document, the IBM Supplier Conduct Principles, governs our relationships with and standards for IBM suppliers. . Forced or involuntary labor IBM will not use forced or involuntary labor of any type (e. g. , forced, bonded, indentured or involuntary prison labor); employment is voluntary. 3. Child labor IBM will not use child labor. The term child refers to any employed person under the age of 16, or under the age for completing compulsory education, or under the minimum age for employment in the country, whichever is greatest. We support the use of legitimate workplace apprenticeship, internship and other similar programs that comply with all laws and regulations applicable to such programs. 4. Wages and benefits IBM will, at a minimum, comply with all applicable wage and hour laws and regulations, including those relating to minimum wages, overtime hours, piece rates, nonexempt or exemption classification and other elements of compensation, and provide legally mandated benefits. 5. Working hours IBM will not exceed maximum hours of work prescribed by law and will appropriately compensate overtime. Employees will not be required to work more than 60 hours per week, including overtime, except in extraordinary business circumstances with their consent or where the nature of the position requires such work, as for exempt employees and employees in executive, managerial or professional positions. In countries where the maximum work week is shorter, that standard shall apply. Employees should be allowed at least one day off per seven-day week. 6. Nondiscrimination and harassment IBM will not discriminate in hiring, promotion, compensation of employees and employment practices on grounds of race, color, religion, age, nationality, social or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity or expression, marital status, pregnancy, political affiliation, disability or veteran status. IBM will create a work environment free of discrimination or harassment based on race, color, religion, gender, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, national origin, disability, age or veteran status. . Respect and dignity IBM will treat all employees with respect and dignity and will not use corporal punishment, threats of violence or other forms of physical coercion or harassment. 8. Freedom of association IBM will respect the legal rights of its employees to join or to refrain from joining worker organizations, including labor organizations or trade unions. IBM complies with legal requirements worldwide regarding employee and third-party involvement. IBM respects the rights of employees to organize, and makes managers at all levels aware of those rights. The companys long-standing belief is that the interests of IBM and its employees are best served through a favorable, collaborative work environment with direct communication between employees and management. IBM endeavors to establish such favorable employment conditions, to promote positive relationships between employees and managers, to facilitate employee communications, and to support employee development. 9. Health and safety IBM will provide its employees with a safe and healthy workplace in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Consistent with these obligations, IBM will have and will implement effective programs that encompass things such as life safety, incident investigation, chemical safety, ergonomics, and will provide safe standards of health and safety in any housing and transportation provided for our employees by the company. 10. Protection of the environment IBM is committed to worldwide leadership in environmental protection.